我們?cè)趧傞_(kāi)始寫(xiě)Linux設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的時(shí)候，很多時(shí)候都是利用mknod命令手動(dòng)創(chuàng)建設(shè)備節(jié)點(diǎn)，實(shí)際上Linux內(nèi)核為我們提供了一組函數(shù)，可以用來(lái)在模塊加載的時(shí)候自動(dòng)在/dev目錄下創(chuàng)建相應(yīng)設(shè)備節(jié)點(diǎn)，并在卸載模塊時(shí)刪除該節(jié)點(diǎn)，當(dāng)然前提條件是用戶空間移植了udev。

內(nèi)核中定義了STruct class結(jié)構(gòu)體，顧名思義，一個(gè)struct class結(jié)構(gòu)體類(lèi)型變量對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)類(lèi)，內(nèi)核同時(shí)提供了class_create(…)函數(shù)，可以用它來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)類(lèi)，這個(gè)類(lèi)存放于sysfs下面，一旦創(chuàng)建好了這個(gè)類(lèi)，再調(diào)用device_create(…)函數(shù)來(lái)在/dev目錄下創(chuàng)建相應(yīng)的設(shè)備節(jié)點(diǎn)。這樣，加載模塊的時(shí)候，用戶空間中的udev會(huì)自動(dòng)響應(yīng)device_create(…)函數(shù)，去/sysfs下尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的類(lèi)從而創(chuàng)建設(shè)備節(jié)點(diǎn)。

注意，在2.6較早的內(nèi)核版本中，device_create(…)函數(shù)名稱不同，是class_device_create(…)，所以在新的內(nèi)核中編譯以前的模塊程序有時(shí)會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)，就是因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)名稱不同，而且里面的參數(shù)設(shè)置也有一些變化。

struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定義在/include/linux/device.h中，使用的時(shí)候一定要包含這個(gè)頭文件，否則編譯器會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)。

在2.6.26.6內(nèi)核版本中，struct class定義在頭文件include/linux/device.h中：

/*

* device classes

*/

struct class {

coNSt char *name;

struct module *owner;

nbsp;struct kset subsys;

struct list_head devices;

struct list_head interfaces;

struct kset class_dirs;

struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */

struct class_attribute *class_attrs;

struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;

int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);

void (*class_release)(struct class *class);

void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);

int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

};

class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中實(shí)現(xiàn)：

/**

* class_create - create a struct class structure

* @owner: pointer to the module that is to own this struct class

* @nAME: pointer to a string for the name of this class.

*

* This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used

* in calls to device_create().

*

* Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by

* making a call to class_destroy().

*/

struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, cONst char *name)

{

struct class *cls;

int retval;

cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);

if (!cls) {

retval = -ENOMEM;

goto error;

}

cls->name = name;

cls->owner = owner;

cls->class_release = class_create_release;

retval = class_register(cls);

if (retval)

goto Error;

return cls;

error:

kfree(cls);

return ERR_PTR(retval);

}

第一個(gè)參數(shù)指定類(lèi)的所有者是哪個(gè)模塊，第二個(gè)參數(shù)指定類(lèi)名。

在class.c中，還定義了class_destroy(…)函數(shù)，用于在模塊卸載時(shí)刪除類(lèi)。

device_create(…)函數(shù)在/drivers/base/core.c中實(shí)現(xiàn)：

/**

* device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs

* @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to

* @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any

* @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added

* @fmt: string for the device's name

*

* This funcTIon can be used by char device classes. A struct device

* will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.

*

* A dev file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if

* the dev_t is not 0,0.

* If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created

* struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.

* The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.

* Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this

* pointer.

*

* Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously

* been created with a call to class_create().

*/

struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,

dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)

{

va_list vargs;

struct device *dev;

va_start(vargs, fmt);

dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);

va_end(vargs);

return dev;

}

第一個(gè)參數(shù)指定所要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建的設(shè)備所從屬的類(lèi)，第二個(gè)參數(shù)是這個(gè)設(shè)備的父設(shè)備，如果沒(méi)有就指定為NULL，第三個(gè)參數(shù)是設(shè)備號(hào)，第四個(gè)參數(shù)是設(shè)備名稱，第五個(gè)參數(shù)是從設(shè)備號(hào)。

下面以一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單字符設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)來(lái)展示如何使用這幾個(gè)函數(shù)

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

MODULE_LICENSE (GPL);

int hello_major = 555;

int hello_minor = 0;

int number_of_devices = 1;

struct cdev cdev;

dev_t dev = 0;

struct file_operations hello_fops = {

.owner = THIS_MODULE

};

static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)

{

int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

cdev_init (cdev, hello_fops);

cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;

cdev.ops = hello_fops;

error = cdev_add (cdev, devno , 1);

if (error)

printk (KERN_NOTICE Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev, error);

}

struct class *my_class;

static int __init hello_2_init (void)

{

int result;

dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, hello);

if (result0) {

printk (KERN_WARNING hello: can't get major number %dn, hello_major);

return result;

}

char_reg_setup_cdev ();

/* create your own class under /sysfs */

my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, my_class);

if(IS_ERR(my_class))

{

printk(Err: failed in creating class.n);

return -1;

}

/* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */

device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), hello %d, 0 );

printk (KERN_INFO Registered character drivern);

return 0;

}

static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)

{

dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

cdev_del (cdev);

device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0)); //delete device node under /dev

class_destroy(my_class); //delete class created by us

unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);

printk (KERN_INFO char driver cleaned upn);

}

module_init (hello_2_init);

module_exit (hello_2_exit);

這樣，模塊加載后，就能在/dev目錄下找到hello0這個(gè)設(shè)備節(jié)點(diǎn)了。